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Evolution Korea

South Korea's democratic system is susceptible to populist impulses. However, it's healthier than what one might expect.

The country is searching for a new development paradigm. A Confucian culture that values respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relationships continues to influence society. There are indications of a secularist culture trend forming.

Origins

During prehistoric times the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. In the tens of thousands of years after they began to cultivate crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock and even made furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry for metalworking, which produced bronze tools and later iron tools. They traded with other countries and introduced block printing to Japan, as well as art styles and a written language and papermaking.

In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded in the southern part of the peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. In this period the inhabitants of Buyeo were part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society with a monarch and senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the rest of the population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens and sometimes even required them to join the army or construct fortifications.

At the end of the period, the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded its territory to the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commandos in the region. Baekje adopted Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE and established the male-centric notion of filiopiety a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were responsible to their families. They had to be obeyed by all and respected by their children and grandchildren.

Goryeo, a nation which ruled from 918 until 1392 CE, gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the patterns created by the mouth when pronouncing. This greatly improved the communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was refined. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was first recorded.

Evolution in Korea

The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times until. Early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form cist graves paved with stones, and adorned with precious items such as amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, and made of large stones in a single piece, are common in the country.

In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. After that the peninsula was ruled by a variety of states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. The northern part of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom that historians do believe to be a true Korean state.

Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Of them, Baekje was the most powerful however, its dynasty ended with the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE, leaving Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time.

The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to collaborate to expand their territories. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.

As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase, its development paradigm appears to be changing. The people who are affronted by the immense cost of the old system advocate the need for a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital as well as labor and product markets. On the other hand champions of the old system seek to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears about job losses.

Academics and analysts are divided about the extent to which Korea's evolution is being driven by these two trends. This article focuses on the five phases of Korea's development in terms of its political development that include democratic democracies that are not liberal (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies the key factors that appear to be shaping these processes.

Creationism in Korea

In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their views to this group. A 2009 survey showed that nearly a third of respondents were against evolution. Of those who voted, 41% stated there was not enough scientific evidence to support the theory 39% said it contradicted their religious beliefs, and 17% said they did not understand it. This level of doubt is comparable to that of the United States where a similar percentage do not believe humans evolved from earlier species of life.

In the past, the majority of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and bringing them to Christ. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. The event attracted a large audience of professors, scientists, and church leaders.

The success of this event resulted in the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31, 1981. The inauguration meeting was widely reported in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and attracted a lot of attention.

KACR began publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In CREATION, the organization published its own activities and published articles about scientific evidence for the existence of God. It also translated a number of films and slides from ICR and also a few books on creationism that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks in universities and churches across the country.

One instance of a KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so interested in creationism, they raised money and got funding to build a small creationist museum on campus.

In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. This magazine covers topics in the creation science. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has a network of local branches, which hold seminars and give talks to children in schools and other community groups.

Changes in South Korea

In the latter part of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other fashion elements imported from overseas. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern rock and roll and jazz. At this time, the famous samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, became loved by the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers as well as other instruments.

The economic crisis has formed Korea's new development paradigm. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to strike the right balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also involves changing the incentives monitoring and discipline policies that created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.

Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and people from northern China. Baekje, an important regional power in the early 4th century expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. The kingdom was in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders on the border.

The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. He also held control over a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He became an adversary to Goguryeo.

His rule was however only for a short time. After his defeat, Gungye was replaced by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and 에볼루션 Silla in 935. Later Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as a successor state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the centrally-run system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point on, the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula as well as in Manchuria.